Study Guide
“Final”
!!!This is it!!!
Attention: The test will be equal to two test grades. This can either make your grade or ruin your grade.
Anesthetic – A medication to numb an area before surgery
Antiseptic – disinfectant such as mouthwash.
Smelt – The process of melting iron ore
Fossil Fuels – Oil, Gas,
Coal
James Watt – Enhanced the Steam Engine
Consolidate – to put together
Capital – Money needed to purchase
Enterprise – Business
Entrepreneur – Business Owner
Eli Whitney – Inventor
of the Cotton Gin (separates cotton from the seed)
Turnpike – A road that requires a toll to drive down it. Owned by a
private owner
Urbanization – Movement of people into a City
Tenement – Project Housing
Labor Union – a collaboration
between the workers of a specific occupation (teachers, construction workers)
**Populations grew in the
Industrial Era because food was more plentiful due to machines that made
farming more efficient.
**The Steam Engine was one
of the most important inventions of the time.
**Transportation was changed
by Steam Ships and Locomotives (trains)
Textiles = Clothing, cloth and sewing
Bourgeoisie – Middle Class also part of the third estate.
Statistics = Mathematical Calculations that try to organize data.
Olympe de Gouges – Fought for Women’s in France during the
Enlightenment.
Nationalism – A sense of pride in one’s country
Deficit Spending – Spending when you are in the negative.
3 Estates – 1st, 2nd, and 3rd (know
who occupied each estate)
Napoleon Bonaparte – Military Leader of France after the death of
the King
Monarch = King/ Queen
Guerilla Warfare – Hit and
Run Tactics
Scorched Earth Policy - Burning
land so that the enemy have nothing to eat or use.
Guillotine – Cruel device used to decapitate victims sentenced to
crimes.
Marie Antoinette – Was Queen of France and killed because she was
connected with the King. People disliked her because she was rich and people
were poor without food on the street.
Bastille – July 14 Citizens overtook a military base and it was a
signal of the end of the King’s absolute authority.
Urban = City
Rural = Country
Three Branches of Government – Legislative, Judicial and Executive
Legislative – 2 Branches = House of Rep. and Senate
Stamp Act – Tax on Paper Goods
Tea Act – Tax on Tea
Popular Sovereignty – People hold the power
Treaty of Paris – Agreement between England and U.S. to stop the
Revolutionary War.
Enlightened Despots – Absolute Rulers
Salons – a place for intellectuals to meet and discuss politics/
arts. Artists, Writers, Inventors, Etc.
Dennis Diderot - came up with the encyclopedia.
Thomas Hobbes – Wanted a strong government
John Locke – Wanted a weak government
Montesquieu - wanted a separation
of powers. (Leg, Exec, Judicial)
Censorship – when an artist is banned from expressing the whole
idea to the public.
13 Original Colonies – Georgia, S. Carolina, North Carolina,
Virginia, Delaware, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Rhode
Island, Maryland, New Hampshire, Massachusetts.
7 Continents - Antarctica,
Asia, N. America, S. America, Africa, Australia, Europe
Napoleon – suffered a catastrophic
defeat at the hands of the Russians. Lost 500,000 men.
